This mineral contains three species and varieties.
Elbaite: includes varieties such as ancoita (colorless), rubellite (pink red), Verdelite (green) and indigolita (in blue colr. Dravite, brown. Plover, red tourmaline Ferrous .
The tourmalines are in the form of prismatic crystals, columnar or acicular, often are grouped to form radial or fibrous aggregates.
are unaffected by the acids. magnésiferas varieties blend easily, while ferriferous and litinégeras are infusible.
The tourmalines are common minerals of magmatic origin in pegmatites and granites. Some varieties, such as dravite, are common in metamorphic limestone. Sometimes appears in detrital sediments.
Along with the quartz and cassiterite, tourmaline is the third mineral interest in mining assets Logorán and Cerro San Cristobal.
This issue can be seen at the Museum of Achievement.
Tourmaline Pyrite in Quartz Ibores Villuercas Jara
is a mineral composed silicon dioxide (SiO2). It is not likely to peel, because crystallizes in the trigonal (rhombohedral). Colorless in pure can take many shades if you bring impurities (APO). Its hardness is such that it can scratch the common steels.
is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust and the major component of many igneous rocks (like granite), metamorphic (quartzite and gneiss) and sedimentary (sand and sandstone). The most common crystals are prismatic and bipyramidal trapezohedral. The twins are most abundant in Brazil and Dauphine. Often in the form of pockets of great beauty. It also appears in blobs, usually milky.
Most quartz is magmatic origin, although can also be formed from hydrothermal solutions and metamorphic processes.
Some microorganisms, such as certain algae and foraminifera, have a shell of SiO2. Quartz deposits are widespread in the crust.
well crystallized quartz and transparent used in the manufacture of optical instruments and precision electronics. Some varieties are seen as precious and semiprecious stones. is used as a flux in metallurgy, in the industries of glass and ceramics, as an abrasive, etc..
We can find different varieties with different optical characteristics. Fenocristalinas varieties are presented in well-developed crystals, from transparent to translucent. These varieties can be found:
Amethyst.
rock or quartz crystal hyaline, colorless, transparent and clear, widely used in jewelry and in the manufacture of optical instruments.
Smoky Quartz: is brown. Morion is a variety of smoky quartz stone highly prized as fine. Citrine Quartz
: light yellow to golden yellow.
Jacinto de Compostela: a reddish color.
Rose Quartz.
Quartz quartz or sapphire blue.
Ojo de tigre: yellow or brown.
Hawk Eye: blue.
Cat's eye: gray-green.
Chalcedon or cryptocrystalline varieties: made up of microscopic crystals, usually of bright waxy and translucent to opaque. Within this group we can find Agatha.
Onyx or Onyx: zoned structure with light and dark layers. Plasma
: green due to inclusions of chlorite and amphibole.
prase: dark green. Flint
: greyish, widely used since the time for making cutting tools because of its remarkable hardness and its causes fracture edges sharp.
or sardonic sardonyx: orange.
Heliotrope: dark green with red spots. Carnelian or canicola
: bright red uniform. Jasper
: intense and varied coloration due to the presence of inclusions.
Opal: with the same composition as quartz but no crystalline structure. It is an amorphous mineral.
Quartz is a major mineral that appears in our region and that all mining points are remnants of quartz crystals. Logrosán can be found in the finest examples of quartz crystals that can be found in Extremadura.
Etymology: German Quarz. Crystallization: trigonal system (rhombohedral). Density: 2.65. Hardness: 7. Color: colorless or with different colors. Brightness: vitreous to greasy. Raya : white.
Mining is an activity in the short term but long-term effects.
is true that humanity needs certain minerals to meet some of their needs, whether basic or not. It is also true that excessive consumption of part of humanity is destroying the livelihoods and the environment from another part of humanity living in areas impacted by mining and can be your means of survival.
Because of its impacts, mining is one of those activities should be strictly controlled at all stages, from exploration and exploitation to transportation, processing and consumption.
impacts of mining are related to the mine itself, with the disposal of mine waste, transportation of ore and processing it, which often involves or produces hazardous materials . We can meet with different constructions and mining for example we can see underground and opencast mines . Generally, underground mining has less environmental impact of opencast mines . The disturbance in the earth's surface is lower, but may also have effects on water contaminating it with acids and metals and intercepting aquifers. Although this is the fact that workers working in this type of mining are exposed to more dangerous situations than those working in open pit mines, the risk of subsidence, poor air quality and underground explosions.
Currently, over 60% of materials are extracted by the mode of surface mining, which causes the devastation of the ecosystem in which it is installed (deforestation, pollution and disturbance water, habitat destruction). Within this type of mining are distinguished, among others, open pit mines (usually metal hard rock), the quarries (for construction and industrial materials such as sand, granite, slate, marble, gravel, clay , etc.), and leach mining (application of chemicals to filter and separate the metal from other minerals).
The appearance of the open pit (or open pit) is the large terraces arranged in deep wide pits in the middle of a desolate landscape, bare and devoid of living resources. The operation usually begins with the removal vegetation and soil, then dynamite widely and removed the rock and the materials located above the ore up to the reservoir, where it again dynamited for smaller pieces. New technologies that allow better performance in the speed of mineral extraction and processing, increase environmental problems as waste materials not normally revert to the restoration of the site.
Quarries are surface mines, very similar to open-pit mines, because the end result of their exploitation is also a barren landscape with deep trenches between wide steps. The assault on the environment itself it generates this type of mining is exacerbated by its proximity to urban areas, as it seeks to reduce transport costs for greater profitability. This proximity generates new environmental problems, since the excavations, which have no cover, end up as urban landfills, in addition to affecting surface water and groundwater near the farm.
leaching in mining chemicals are used (eg sulfuric acid in the case of copper or a solution of sodium cyanide for gold) to dissolve (leach) the metals in the mineral matter that contains them, obtaining a very high recovery rate. Can result in the variation of in situ leaching (drilled with holes intact rock and add the solvent) or very frequent leaching heaps of crushed ore. The chemical solutions used not only release the desired metals but also mobilize heavy metals (like cadmium), so that surface water and groundwater are often contaminated.
Although the environmental impacts of mining vary depending on type of ore and mining, it is an inherently unsustainable because it involves the exploitation of a nonrenewable resource by destructive or contaminating processes such as crushing, grinding, washing and classification of minerals, refining and smelting. Today is doubly destructive for its large scale and the technology that has increased its production capacity.
environmental impacts produced by the mines are divided into air, landscape, water, soil, fauna and flora (Macias, 1996).
The Tin, symbol Sn (from the Latin Stannum ) Is a chemical element atomic number 50 located in Group 14 of the periodic table elements.
is a very abundant metal in Earth's crust. Its principal ore is cassiterite, but can also be obtained from the estannina and cylindrite .
He became a metal exploded in various parts of the Shire of Villuercas Ibores Jara such as in Minas tin (cassiterite) from Cerro de San Cristobal .
ORIGIN
This metal was used in the form of bronze from III of the millennium, but as metal has not been known until the early centuries of our era. During the medieval period was an affordable substitute to make silver tableware and decorative objects.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TIN
is a silvery metal, malleable , not oxidized easily and is resistant to corrosion . Is found in many alloys and used to coat other metals to protect them from corrosion. One of its most striking features is that under certain conditions forms the tin plague. By bending a metal bar that produces a characteristic sound called tin cry , produced by the friction of the crystals that compose it.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TIN
as simple tin atom or molecule is not very toxic for any type of organism. The toxic form is the organic form. Organotin compounds can remain in the environment for long periods of time. They are very persistent and not readily biodegradable . Microorganisms have many difficulties in breaking organotin compounds that have accumulated in soil water over the years. Organotin concentrations still increase because of this. The
organotins can spread through water systems where particles are absorbed by plants. Are known to cause much damage to aquatic ecosystems because they are very toxic to fungi, algae and phytoplankton . The phytoplankton is a very important link in the aquatic ecosystem, providing oxygen to aquatic organisms. It is also a important part of the aquatic food chain.
There are many different types of organic tin can vary widely in toxicity. Tributyl tins tin compounds are more toxic to fish and fungi, while tin triphenols is much more toxic to phytoplankton .
is known that organotins alter the growth, reproduction, enzyme systems and power schemes of aquatic organisms. The exhibition takes place primarily in upper layer of water, and that's where organotin compounds accumulate.
Don Vicente Sos Baynat in its publication, "Geology, Mineralogy and Minerologenia of the Sierra de San Cristobal, Logrosán (Cáceres)" considered that the granite rock formations and the process mineralization that formed the Cerro de San Cristóbal occurred during three different stages. The first during the formation of Hertzian mountains about 250 million years, the second during the Alpine mountain building makes Approximately 50 million years.
Logrosán Granite is classified as two-mica leucogranite and porphyria with compound fenocrsito small amounts of quartz and feldspar, biotite, apatite and rutile, as well as some iron oxide. There are three areas on the north side and one on the west slope of Cerro kaolinized are composed of granite. Granite which comprises the Cerro de San Cristóbal is completely surrounded by shale and sedimentary rocks. The slate is considered Precambrian origin, or of about 700 million years. The granite of Cerro de San Cristobal is surrounded by a well-defined metamorphic aureole composed of clay slate. This halo was formed when the introduction of granite that forms the Hill made contact with the surrounding shale. The nearest granitic region is more than 20 km. Logrosán west and is located just west of the town of Zorita.
The Cassiterite is a mineral that results from oxidation of tin (SnO 2) is a typical mineral pegamtitas , ie is associated with late stage of granite crystallization ( neumatolisis ). In granites and pegmatites neumatolíticos, cassiterite is usually accompanied by wolframite, sheelita and mispíquel .
The cassiterite typically contains 87% tin and 21% of oxygen (plus iron , tantalum and other minerals ) is durísma, heavy and fragile, impervious to acids. Appears in crystals thick, prismatic, often in twin tetragonal system belonging to (with variants ditetragonales and dipiramidales). Less known is often the acicular tin , ie, fine crystals in the form of needle, or in a tin woody , similar to wood. Instead, it is unusual to see him as a loose globular granules ( pleasure tin).
Hardness between 6 and 7 points on the Mohs Scale Exfoliation
imperfecta. Specific Gravity
between 6.8 and 7.1 Kg/dm3
Color brown almost black (colophony less frequent in yellow, gray or red hyacinth
System: Tetragonal
Formula: SnO 2
Hardness: 7
Source: pegmatite, hydrothermal and secondary in river or marine pleasure.
Sites: Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, USSR, Cornwall (Great Britain).
sedimentary rock of organic origin, formed mainly by phosphate minerals. mineral is a compact or earthy color yellowish white, formed by the phosphate of lime. It is used as fertilizer in agriculture after adding sulfuric acid to make it soluble.
mineral resources can be metallic and nonmetallic. Mineral resources are presented in mineral deposits, which are accumulations or concentrations of minerals than volume or content are economically profitable for exploitation. Mena is the substance of a profitable mineral deposit, and all mineral stone is not usable in mining because of low profitability. metallurgical industry depends mainly on the metallic minerals (iron), as the base manufacturing of multiple devices and instruments that we use daily in our daily lives.
Roman mining presents particular characteristics: the galleries are narrow and dome-shaped, walls topped with a fine work of bill and at certain intervals a hole in which to deposit the lamps lighting. Soils well made and when there are outstanding, have steps to facilitate the tours. It is easy to identify compared to later works, less care. To date we have listed two dozen examples, with which it is possible to determine aspects of planning and tillage conditions.
Bush, whose stem reaches up to 1 m. tall, woody, erect, and slightly grayish brown bark. Leaves scattered in little leathery, including linear and lanceolate. At the end of the twigs and in the axils of the upper leaves are racimitos and short panicles of flowers that, together, are terminal clusters of white flowers. The flowers of this plant, especially in the late afternoon, fire sweet smell of jasmine, the leaves have slightly bitter taste.
The bark contains resin, malic acid, albumin, wax, yellow coloring matter, volatile oil and dafnina, whose active ingredient is dafnetrina, robust, astringent and slightly soluble in cold water and a lot in boiling water, alcohol and ether.
This plant was used in the mining world as a source of wound healing and the characteristics that had as its hardness was used to manufacture rope among other things
In the municipality of Peraleda of an Román can see impressive mining facilities in what is known as Mina Marialina. In this spectacular place we find the facilities of what was a mine and two buildings next to it more, being one of them a home where people live connected with mining, possibly the owners, because the workers lived in nearby of the locality. As shown in the photographs the condition of facilities is quite bad and therefore the government of Extremadura has it with appropriate fencing and warning signs. On the walls of the building can be seen the traces of the machinery that would "embedded" in them. As for the building corresponding to the house we can say that you can see two main entrances, each located at the ends of the building. You can also see the home situation as remains. Similarly on the outside as well as other agencies have a well and a pylon.
in Campillo de Deleitosa we can find numerous mines where limestone was quarried primarily. Among the many things that attract attention in these places we can find the mine you can see in the image and is located in the area known as the Portalón Venera hence the name locals know where the mine. In its surroundings we see other similar but smaller size. This has great size and is surrounded by a masonry wall that possibly near the site. Within this scope we can find materials that once were removed from the site. Your explotacilón comes from old as the locals do not recall having seen the exploitation of these mines.
Navezuelas In the location we can find a mine known as the Hungry Mina. As shown in the picture, is a construction, by the way time and occurred in various avatars she finished closing completely, cerramieno which took the same local council. It is located outside the river and for this reason it was normal that his entrance was flooded by water. According to count the villagers' this mine was operated until the early twentieth century. It was removed from other materials Antimony. The following image shows how this mineral.
The presence of apatite in Logrosán is known since ancient times. Tradition has it that the Witches' Cercon Sabbaths were held in which the fire threw a white powder emitting fluorescent flashes. Sea Legend or reality, the truth is that the fame of this mineral passed our borders because the samples with which Proust first defined the fluorapatite, in 1781, came from this place. With the development of the fertilizer industry in Europe during the nineteenth century, created a high demand for phosphate minerals. Consequently, this site was the subject of numerous studies and attempts to use.
In Extremadura, according to reports from the Junta de Extremadura, there are about 25 species of bats, but with a low density population which is considered an endangered species. To ensure their protection and conservation, the government of Extremadura has a project called "Life" which includes a series of actions in specific areas of refuge where the most vulnerable colonies.
Bats are the only mammals that can fly and it is very fragile animals that do not cause any damage to buildings are not pests but colonies, are social and very beneficial in cities and in the fields as they consume thousands of mosquitoes and other insects at night.
Moreover, it is important to know that they are harmless and only bite in self defense, so that, as rabies can be present in wildlife, they should not directly manipulate.
However, experts consider it unlikely to cause any injury because of their small size have very tiny teeth, and remember that so far the most common bat houses, bat, and Cabrera Common have never presented a case of rabies.
Bats inhabit most of the caves and mines in nuetra region and proof of this is the last picture in which a sample.
In this municipality we can find some splendid buildings which mining limestone was mined. It can be a huge admin explotadaa mine was open and there are still signs that indicate how to extract lime from there. Along with this mine we can find others whose entries are partially covered and being "inhabited" by the animals in the environment. Some of them can walk perfectly, while other galleries are fairly low so his visit is more difficult. On the other hand this is the fact that some cavities tools only have a gallery there are others, as shown in the image that has several galleries. The most impressive of the construction area is shown in the photograph below that corresponds to what might have been an oven. In one of its sides, the superior, you can see some "windows" that serve to introduce the lime and similarly one can observe a cavity in the front, whose function is unknown because there may be an entrance, but poor dimensions. The bottom side rests on bedrock. In the vicinity of this building you can see how in his day could have a house or other construction with a circular shape and leaving only the foundation.
In the town of Castañar de Ibor also we can find the Face Mine, popularly known among villagers as Lolita Mina. Its entrance, at present, totamente is covered by water but the depth of it is not much and you can see how water is flowing to the river is right next door. Mine is the largest known in the vicinity of the town, according to sources may have about 6 or 7 miles long. In this mine have been carrying out works to the 60. As can be seen around pulley systems that may serve to facilitate the mining work when moving the heavy trucks. As shown in the photograph at the entrance to the mine there are remains of what was once a station wagon and in it we read the following initials "VL."
Ibor in chestnut not only we can find mines and wells but as shown in the image we can also find this magnificent ironwork. Visitors can observe a large number of scattered by the surrounding materials, such as blackboards or matalamita meterial, popularly known in the mining industry and smelting slag. There is no exact knowledge the time when it was built, but possibly belonging to the Roman period by the characteristics of its construction.
In the township known as Castañar de Ibor we find some very interesting mining buildings. The photograph shows the entrance to San Benito Well known and very close to this cavity we find that outside the entrance to the mine called with the same name. The entrance to this is quite close but once inside we have a long gallery through which you can ride perfectly. Throughout the gallery the visitor can find a large number of bats that live at home and you can see in the pic. Similarly following his long gallery consisting of over 60 m. long you're with the well's mouth, above. This mine was worked until the early 60's and it is extracted from other materials: quartz and copper.
After my visit to the area I have seen some mines, which, unfortunately, over time and because of obsolescence are in poor condition and even covered entry. Which can be seen in the picture Mina is known as the Mill, named for its proximity to a mill which is located on the outskirts of the town. As I mentioned above can refine mine find that over time have seen their mouths or entrances closed, this mine was known as Slate Mine and as seen in his name she drew the board.
After my visit to the vicinity of the village of Alia I could check for some Cal Wells in the town of Calera.
Similarly
near Alia appears a relatively large number of veins Cu-P, with which are related especially other similar reefs rich in phosphate. In all cases these reefs with little development. Stage is unknown where they were worked, but appear to be old workings. To see more photos visit: http://circaetus.espaces.live.com
In our region there are mining facilities and mine Logrosán, high geological and economic, on which public authorities already have plans of action. There are also archaeological sites related senior operations mining in antiquity. Once restored, these spaces and their environment may be used as resources for rural development axes as cultural tourism or for environmental eduacion. The possibility of creating a Center of mining in the town of achievement will be the action of further development in this project . This center will function as a hub and conduit for boost activity in the Shire Villuercas Ibores Jara.
